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  8 Zdå~a 2002  
 _w»`n¥ð> > g_mMma > [anmoQ>©   AmnH$s am` 

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 ^{dî`\$b
 {gZo_m
 {Xb-bJr
 naXoer
 {dXoe
 nm{H$ñVmZ
 {H«$Ho$Q>
 Aßgam
 gohV
 ~mOma
 Iob g_mMma
 ZoQ> `mÌm
 AmO H$s ~mV
 {XbMñn I~a|
 {nN>bo A§H$Ÿ
 {deofm§H$
 gmjmËH$ma
 \$moQ>mo J¡bar
 MrZr am{e\$b

 
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AemoH$ CnmÜ`m`

{díd _| ^JdmZ {dîUw H$m g~go ~S>m _§{Xa µA§JH$moa dmQ,> H§$~mo{S>`m _| h¢ Omo ^maV Am¡a H§$~mo{S>`m Ho$ àJmT> g§~§Ymo H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ& `h _§{Xa e¡br _| ^maVr` h¡ bo{H$Z CgH$s `moOZm ~ZmZo Am¡a Cgo [H«$`mpÝdV H$aZo H$m H$m`© I_oa {epën`mo§ Zo {H$`mŸ&

H§$~mo{S>`m Ho$ B{Vhmg _| A§JH$moa dmQ> H$m _hËd Bg joÌ na Ÿ143Ÿ1 _| VËH$mbrZ í`m_ Xoe Ho$ H$ãOo Ho$ ~mX amOYmZr Zmo_noÝh ñWmZm§V[aV {H$`o OmZo Ho$ nümV g_má hmo J`m WmŸ& erK« hr dZm| Am¡a d¥jm| Zo Bg ñWmZ H$mo T>H$ {X`m Am¡a bmoJm| H$s ñ_¥{V _| BgH$m Zm_ bwá hmo J`mŸ&

gm¡^m½`de 1860 _| \«$m§grgr g¡bmZr {dS>mZr hoZar _mohmQ> Zo Bgo {\$a ImoO {ZH$mbmŸ& A§JH$moa dmQ> Ho$ OrUm}X²Yma H$m H$m`© Ÿ1878 _| ewê$ hþAm bo{H$Z 1986 _| ^maVr` nwamVËd gd}jU Zo BgHo$ OrUm}X²YmaH$m`© H$mo J{V àXmZ H$s Am¡a AmO `h {díd Yamoha Ho$ ê$n _| n`©Q>H$m| H$mo AmH${f©V H$a ahm h¡Ÿ&

A§JH$moa dmQ> _§{Xa _| _oê$ nd©V Ho$ ~rM ^JdmZ {dîUw Ho$ _§{Xa H$mo gmH$ma ê$n àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& A§JH$moa dmQ> _§{Xa _| nm§M {eIa h¡Ÿ& BZ_|§ go g~go ~S>m _Ü` {eIa 2Ÿ13 \w$Q> D§$Mm h¡Ÿ& eof {eIa 180 \w$Q> D§$Mo h¡Ÿ& {hÝXy _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma BÝht nm§M {eIam| Ho$ _Ü` h_mar n¥Ïdr h¡Ÿ&

^maVr` nwamVËd gd}jU Ho$ nmg A§JH$moa dmQ> _§{Xa Ho$ OrUm}X²Yma Am¡ à~§YZ H$s {Oå_oXmar h¡Ÿ& Cgo A§JH$moa dmQ> go gbmZm gËVa bmI ê$n`o H$s Am_XZr hmoVr h¡ Omo ^maV _| CgHo$ AYrZ V_m_ Eo{Vhm{gH$ B_maVm| go hmoZo dmbr Am_XZr go A{YH$ h¡Ÿ&

àYmZ_§Ìr AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r H$s {nN>bo {XZm| hþB© H§$~mo{S>`m `mÌm _| ^r A§JH$moa dmQ> EH$ ~ma {\$a AnZm _hËd ~Zm`o aIZo _| H$m_`m~ ahmŸ& H§$~mo{S>`m gaH$ma Zo ^maVr` nwamVËd gd}jU H$mo AnZr EH$ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Yamoha í`m_a{n joÌ Am¡a Vm_ àm_ _§{Xa Ho$ OrUm}X²Yma Ed§ à~§YZ H$m {Oå_m gm¢nZo H$m \¡$gbm {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

A§JH$moa dmQ> _§{Xa AmO H§$~mo{S>`m H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z MwH$m h¡Ÿ& Cgo XoIZo Ho$ {bE Xw{Z`m^a Ho$ g¡bmZr à{V{XZ `hm§ AmVo h¢Ÿ& hoZar _mohma Zo {ZO©Z dZ Ho$ ~rM _| bVmAm|- ~obm| Am¡a d¥jm| go AmÀN>m{XV Bg AZwn_ _§{Xa H$mo nhbr ~ma XoIm VmoCÝh| AnZr Am§Imo na {dídmg Zht hþAmŸ& CÝhm|Zo ñWmZr` bmoJm| go nyN>m- BgH$m {Z_m©U {H$gZo {H$`mŸ& CÝh| gdm{b`m bhOo _| CËVa {_bm- {H$gZo ? XmZdm§o Zo AWdm XodXyVm| Ho$ amOm Zo BgH$m {Z_m©U H$`m hmoJmŸ& XaAgb A§JH$moa dmQ> BVZm {demb ^ì` h¡ Am¡a J[a_mnyU© h¡ {H$ _Zwî` {Z{_©V bJVm hr Zhr h¡Ÿ&

_§{Xa EH$ {demb Mhma Xrdmar Ho$ ^rVa pñWV h¡Ÿ&Mhma Xrdmar Ho$ ~mha nmZr go ^ar Im`r h¡Ÿ&

A§JH$moa dmQ> _§{Xa H$m {Z_m©U A§JH$moa Zamoam gy`© ~_©Z {ÛVr` (1113--50) Zo ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ& H§$~mo{S>`m _o {hÝXy amO~§e H$s ñWmnZm Xygar eVm×r _| hmo J`r WrŸ& Bg g§~§Y _| Bg joÌ _| àM{bV {H$dX§{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma H§$~mo{S>`m (H$å~moO) _| {hÝXy amOd§e H$s ñWmnZm H$m¡{S>Ê` Zm_H$ ~«mh_U Zo EH$ ñWmZr` amOHw$_mar go {ddmh H$aZo Ho$ ~mX H$s WrŸ& Bg {H$dX§Vr Ho$ AZwgma H$å~moO amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm B§ÐàñW Zaoe Am{XË` Ho$ nwÌ Zo H$s WrŸ& N>R>r eVm×r VH$ H$å~moO Zaoe AË`§V epËËH$embr hmo J`o WoŸ& O`~_©Z {ÛVr` Zo Xygar eVm×r _| hr Bg _§{Xa H$m {Z_m©U ewê$ H$a {X`m WmŸ&

O`~_©Z àW_ Zo AnZo amÁ` _| 798 _§{Xam| Am¡a 102 AñnVmbm| H$m {Z_m©U H$am`m WmŸ& BZHo$ aIaImd Ho$ {bE à{Vdf© N>h bmI _Z Mmdb {X`m OmVm WmŸ& A§JH$moa joÌ XmoZbo gon Prb Ho$ CËVa _| h¡Ÿ& `h Prb dfm© [aVw _| {demb ê$nYmaU H$a boVr h¡Ÿ&

J{_©`m| _| `h {gHw$S> H$a ~hþV N>moQ>r hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& I_oam| Zo ZXr Ho$ ~hmd H$mo _moS>H$a H¥${Ì_ gamodamo H$m {Z_m©U {H$`mŸ& dfm© [aVw Ho$ ~mX O¡go O¡go XmoZbo gon Prb H$m nmZr gyIZo bJVm, I_oa {H$gmZ Cg_| YZ H$s ~wAmB© ewê$ H$a XoVoŸ& Bg Vah O~ Prb Ho$ EH$ ^mJ _| YmZ H$s H$Q>mB© hmoVr Vmo Xygao ^mJ _| ~wAmB© ewê$ hmo OmVr Ÿ&

A§JH$moa dmQ> _§{Xa g_Vb ^y{_ na ~Zm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& g_Vb ^y{_ na _hm_oê$ {dMma na AmYm[aV _§{Xa H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE I_oa dmñVw{dXm| H$mo _Zwî` {Z{_©V nd©V H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo BgHo$ {bE g_Vb ^y{_ H$mo Mma ñVamo VH$ nhbo- Xygao- Vrgao Am¡a Mm¡Wo ñVa VH$ D§$Mm {H$`mŸ& BgHo$ {bE _§{Xa Ho$ Mmamoo Amoa ImoXr J`r {_Å>r H$m_ Am`rŸ& Ho$ÝÐr` AWdm nhbm joÌ- {Og_| _w»` _§{Xa h¡, _yb ^y{_ go 27 _rQ>a D§$Mm h¡Ÿ&

`h H$aZo Ho$ {bE Io_a dmñVw{dXm| Zo _§{Xa {Z_m©U H$s `moOZm Am¡a Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma ñWmZ ñWmZ na ^mar _mÌm _| {_Å>r S>mbrŸ&- A~ AJa dh Bg {_Å>r Ho$ pñWa hmoZo H$m B§VOma H$aVo Vmo CÝh| _§{Xa H$m {Z_m©U ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE dfm} B§VOma H$aZm nS>VmŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo {_Å>r S>mbZo go nhbo Xygao Am¡a nhbo joÌ H$s Ztd S>mb XrŸ& {_Å>r S>mbZo Ho$ gmW gmW Zrd§ ^r D$na H$mo ~T>Vr ahrŸ& O~ {_Å>r Zo {ZYm©[aV D§$MmB© àmá H$a br Vmo {_Å>r S>mbZo H$m H$m`© ~§X H$a {X`m J`mŸ& Bggo Ztd ~hþV _O~yV hmo J`r- _§{Xa Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m`© _| AZmdí`H$ {db§~ Zht hþAmŸ& Bggo g{X`m| VH$ Cno{jV ahZo Ho$ ~mdOyX _§{Xa H$s Ztd _O~yV h¡ Am¡a dh ~wb§Xr go IS>m h¡Ÿ&

dmVm©

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