bmo_hf©H$m| (gË`m, H$m¡Z, Xm¡‹S>, O§Jb Am¡a H§$nZr) Ho$ Jwê$ am_ Jmonmb d_m© Zo nhbo EH$ _wbmH$mV _| ar{S>\$.H$m°_ H$mo ~Vm`m Wm {H$ dh "bmoJm| Ho$ Kam| _| ^`' n¡Xm H$aZm MmhVo h¢Ÿ& "^yV' go CÝhm|Zo dhr {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
"amV' (1992) Ho$ ~mX d_m© H$s Xygar S>amdZr {\$ë_ "^yV' _| AO` XodJZ, C{_©bm _mVm|S>H$a, \$aXrZ ImZ, aoIm, {dŠQ>a ~°ZOu, VZwOm, gr_m {dídmg Am¡a ZmZm nmQ>oH$a H$m_ H$a aho h¢Ÿ& dh Bg ewH«$dma H$mo Xe©H$m| na hmdr hmoJrŸ&
am_y Eogo {\$ë_ {Z_m©Vm Ho$ ê$n _| à{gÕ h¢ {OÝh| à`moJ H$aZm AÀN>m bJVm h¡Ÿ& Bg ~ma CÝhm|Zo {\$ë_ _| JmZo em{_b Z H$aZm V` {H$`m Š`m|{H$ CZgo H$hmZr H$s Ymam _| ê$H$mdQ> AmVrŸ& BgHo$ ~Om` CÝhm|Zo AbJ å`w{OH$ Aë~_ ~Z`m Am¡a Xmo å`w{OH$ dr{S>`mo - Jm{`H$m gw{Z{Y Mm¡hmZ Am¡a Cfm CWwn H$mo boH$a ~ZmEŸ& A^rVH$ g§JrV H$s {~H«$s go Am` XoVo ahZo Ho$ {bE h¢Ÿ& Xw^m©½` go `h Mmb H$maJa Zht hþB©Ÿ&
am_y H$m AJbm {Z_m©U "S>aZm _Zm h¡' OwbmB© _| [abrO hmoZo H$s Amem h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ ghm`H$ à~mb nm§S>o Ûmam {ZX}{eV {\$ë_ _| C{_©bm, \$aXrZ, g¡\$ Abr ImZ, {ddoH$ Amo~am`, {eënm eoÅ>r, A§Vam _mbr, B©em XoAmob, _ZmoO dmOno`r Am¡a B©em H$monrH$a H$m_ H$a aho h¢Ÿ&
am_y Zo AnZr {\$ë_m| Ho$ ~mao _| gw^mf Ho$. Pm go ~mV H$sŸ&
Š`m Amn g_PVo h¢ {H$ "^yV' Ho$ ~mao _| Hy$Vwhb ~‹T>m h¡?
àMma Zo {ZpíMV ê$n go Xe©H$m| H$s {Okmgm ~‹T>mB© h¡Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ VH$ZrH$s Vm¡a na `h S>amdZr {\$ë_ h¡, h_Zo H$moB© hË`m `m H$moB© Iwbm ^` em{_b Zht {H$`m h¡Ÿ& `h Vmo Mohao Ho$ hmd-^md h¢ Omo Xe©H$m| H$mo {Okmgw ~Zm`|JoŸ& AO` XodJZ Ho$ XadmOo Ho$ nrN>o go Pm§H$Zo Ho$ emQ> _| bmoJ gM_wM S>a _hgyg H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Am{IaH$ma {gZo_m H$bmH$ma H$m _mÜ`_ h¡Ÿ&
EH$ {XZ {H$gr Zo _wPgo H$hm {H$ dh {dkmnZm| go BVZm S>a JB© h¡ {H$ dh {\$ë_ XoIZm Zht MmhVrŸ& Amem h¡ Am¡a bmoJ Eogm _hgyg Zht H$a|JoŸ& _wPo h¡amZr h¡ Š`m|{H$ {dkmnZ BVZo S>amdZo Zht h¢Ÿ&
Bg {Okmgm _| {\$ë_ Ho$ H$bmH$mam| H$m {H$VZm `moJXmZ h¡?
_¢ Zht g_PVm {H$ ~‹S>o {gVmao _XX H$a gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& AJa "^yV' H$m Zm_ "_Z Ho$ [aíVo' aIm Om`o Vmo {H$gr H$s {XbMñnr Zht hmoJrŸ& Zm_ {\$ë_ H$m ~hþV Oê$ar {hñgm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bggo AdMoVZ _| V¡`mar hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ Xe©H$ Š`m Anojm aI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& _¢ Zht g_PVm {H$ AmO _Xa B§{S>`m O¡gm Zm_ Aga H$aoJmŸ& ^mdZmE§ ^bo hr H$m_ H$a|, bo{H$Z n¡Ho$qOJ {^Þ hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& _oar ~hþV gr {\$ë_| EH$ eãX Ho$ Zm_ H$s h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z A~ "S>aZm _Zm h¡' AmZo dmbr h¡Ÿ& bmoJ Zht OmZVo {H$ BgH$m Š`m _Vb~ g_P|Ÿ& O~{H$ Ñí` AmnH$mo S>amVo h¢, Zm_ Hw$N> Am¡a hr H$hVm h¡Ÿ&
Š`m Amn _mZVo h¢ {H$ [abrO _| Xoar "^yV' Ho$ {hV _| ahoJr?
_¢Zo "^yV' H$m àMma A{^`mZ JbV T>§J go {H$`mŸ& {\$ë_ _| JmZo Zht h¢Ÿ& {\$ë_ go ào[aV Aë~_ ~ZmZo H$m {dMma JbV ahmŸ& CgZo AbJ gmC§S>Q´>¡H$ H$m H$m_ {H$`m, bo{H$Z {\$ë_ Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>H$a ZhtŸ& Bg{bE JmZm| na AmYm[aV å`y{OH$ dr{S>`mo g\$b Zht hþEŸ& O¡go hr g§dmX dmbo àMma ewê$ hþE, hmbmV R>rH$ hmo J`oŸ&
_¢ Zht OmZVm {H$ Xoar {\$ë_ Ho$ nj _| Aga H$aoJrŸ& bo{H$Z _¢ BVZm H$hÿ§Jm {H$ "H$m§Q>o' Ho$ {dkmnZ AmR> _hrZm| go àgm[aV hmoVo ahoŸ& Bggo Xe©H$m| H$s CËgwH$Vm ~‹T>r hrŸ& _oam I`mb h¡ {H$ {H$gr Img {\$ë_ _| Xe©H$m| H$s {XbMñnr V^r H$_ hmoVr h¡ O~ H$moB© Am¡a Á`mXm {XbMñn àMma A{^`mZ ewê$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
AmnHo$ Xmo {Z_m©Um|, XmoZm| hr Abm¡{H$H$ {W«bam| H$m àMma EH$ gmW ewê$ hþAm?
_oao BVZo A{YH$ {Z_m©U h¢ {H$ _¢ AnZr gw{dYm Ho$ AZwgma CZ_| \$mgbm Zht aI gH$VmŸ& "S>aZm _Zm h¡' Ho$ {ZX}eH$ à~mb nm§S>o H$mo BgHo$ {bE ZwH$gmZ Zht CR>mZm Mm{hE {H$ _oao nmg EH$ Am¡a {W«ba AmZodmbm h¡Ÿ& {ZOr Vm¡a na _oam I`mb h¡ {H$ CZH$s {\$ë_ H$m àMma "^yV' go Á`mXm ~{‹T>`m h¡Ÿ& "^yV' AmnH$mo Hw$gu Ho$ H$Jma na {~R>mZo dmbr S>amdZr {\$ë_ h¡ O~{H$ S>aZm _Zm h¡ AnZo nmn H$_© H$mo nH$‹S>o aIZo dmbr S>amdZr {\$ë_ h¡Ÿ&
Š`m Amn H$h|Jo {H$ "^yV' "X EŠgmo[añQ>' O¡gr h¡ O~{H$ "S>aZm _Zm h¡' "AmB Zmo ìhmQ> `y {S>S>
bmñQ> g_a' O¡gr?
_¢ Zht OmZVm {H$ `o ghr CXmhaU h¢Ÿ& "S>aZ _Zm h¡' EH$ AZmoIr {\$ë_ h¡Ÿ& bmoJ Bgo Aë\«o$S> {hMH$mH$ àñVwV "X Q²>drbmBQ> ' `m X Or hma emo O¡gr _mZVo h¢Ÿ& "S>aZ _Zm h¡' _| N>h H$hm{Z`m§ H$bmË_H$ h¢Ÿ& `h EH$ Eogr _{hbm Ho$ ~mao _| H$hmZr h¡ Omo godm| go S>aVr h¡Ÿ& Š`m {H$gr Zo H$^r Eogr ~mV gwZr h¡? {\$ë_ O§Jb _| Imo`o 6 ì`{º$`m| Ho$ ~mao _| h¡ Omo EH$-Xygao H$mo bmo_hf©H$ H$hm{Z`m§ gwZm H$a g_` JwOma aho h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJ Bgo Zmng§X H$a|JoŸ& AÝ` bmoJ ng§X H$a|JoŸ& {\$ë_ EH$X_ ZB© à~bV_ à{V{H«$`m§E n¡Xm H$aoJrŸ&
"S>aZm _Zm h¡' _| hX go Á`mXm {gVmao Š`m| h¢?
Bg {\$ë_ H$mo ~ZmZo Ho$ nrN>o CÔoí` N>h H$hm{Z`m| H$mo EH$ gmW noe H$aZm h¡ Omo AbJ Xmo `m VrZ K§Q>o H$s {\$ë_m| Ho$ ê$n _| Zht {Q>H$ gH$VrŸ& H$hm{Z`m| H$mo ~hþV Á`mXm Zht ItMm Om gH$VmŸ& AÝ` {dH$ën BZ H$hm{Z`m| H$mo Q>obr{dOZ na ({XImZm hmo gH$Vm Wm) bo{H$Z V~ ~OQ> H$s g_ñ`m hmoVr Am¡a {dkmnZ H$hmZr Ho$ ~rM _| AmVoŸ& O~ _¢Zo H$bmH$mam| H$mo ha H$hmZr gwZmB©, do nQ>H$Wm H$s ghZerbVm go AMH$Wm J`oŸ& _oam I`mb ~Zm {H$ g_` ~rVZo Ho$ gmW _¢Zo AZmoIonZ H$mo ghO ~Zm {b`m h¡Ÿ& _¢ "S>aZm _Zm h¡' H$mo gyaO ~‹S>OmË`m H$s "_¢ ào_ H$s XrdmZr hÿ§' (ö{VH$ amoeZ, H$arZm H$nya, A{^foH$ ~ƒZ) H$s [abrO Ho$ {XZ hr [abrO H$a ahm hÿ§Ÿ& _oar {\$ë_ N>moQ>r h¡ Omo ~‹S>r H$mo bbH$maZo H$s {hå_V H$a ahr h¡ (h§gr)Ÿ&
AmnZo AnZo H$B© ghm`H$m| H$mo AnZo ~yVo na H$m_ H$aZo H$m Adga {X`m h¡Ÿ&
_¢ nyam {Z_m©Vm ~Z J`m hÿ§Ÿ& _¢ {Z_m©U Ho$ nyd© Ho$ H$m_ na ~hþV g_` bJmVm hÿ§Ÿ& bo{H$Z EH$ ~ma {\$ë_ Ho$ âbmoa na nhþ§M OmZo na _oam H$m_ nyam hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AJa {H$gr ghm`H$ H$mo n[a`moOZm H$mo boH$a Omoe hmoVm h¡ Vmo _¢ CgHo$ {ZpíMV {H$`o ~OQ> Ho$ gmW {\$ë_ ~ZmZo XoVm hÿ§Ÿ&
_¢ Zht H$hVm {H$ 10 H$amo‹S> ê$n`o {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE {gVmam| H$mo gmBZ H$a boZm Mm{hEŸ& {\$ë_ ~ZmZo H$m `h JbV ad¡`m h¡Ÿ& _wPo {\$ë_ \¡$ŠQ>ar hmoZo Ho$ ~mao _| H$moB© e_© Zht h¡Ÿ& Bg_| JbV Š`m h¡? h_ EH$ CÚmoJ h¢, Zht h¡ Š`m? AJa _¢ K{Q>`m {\$ë_ ~ZmVm hÿ§ Vmo _oar \¡$ŠQ>ar ~§X hmo Om`oJrŸ&
"^yV' go AmnH$mo Š`m à{V{H«$`m {_bZo H$s Anojm h¡?
_¢Zo H$hmZr noe H$aZo H$s VH$ZrH$ _| nQw>Vm àmá H$s h¡Ÿ& `hm§, _¢Zo Xe©H$m| H$mo ^mdZmË_H$ ê$n go g§b¾ H$aZo Am¡a CÝh| {Za§Va S>amVo ahZo Ho$ ~rM ~hþV AÀN>m g§VwbZ ~Zm`o aIZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡Ÿ& H$B© bmoJ AÀN>o ^` Ho$ {bE BgH$m AmZ§X b|JoŸ& AÝ` bmoJ nmÌm| H$s K~amhQ> go Ow‹S>Zm Mmh|JoŸ&
H$hmZr Ho$ ñVa na _¢ Cgo nm§M {_ZQ> _|o gwZm gH$Vm hÿ§Ÿ& bo{H$Z H$hmZr noe H$aZo H$s H$bm "^yV' _| {ZUm©`H$ h¡Ÿ& h_Zo {^Þ Vah H$s Ñí` Am¡a Üd{Z JwUdÎmm H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {\$ë_ H$m Aga VH$ZrH$ na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡Ÿ& _wPo Amem h¡ {H$ A§Xê$Zr joÌm| Ho$ Xe©H$ "H§$nZr' H$s Anojm "^yV' H$mo Á`mXm AnZm`|JoŸ& `h ~hþV ~‹S>m {df` h¡ {Ogo ~hþV n[aîH¥$V bhOo _| noe {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Am¡gV Xe©H$ BgH$mo {\$b_m`o OmZo H$m VarH$m em`X Z g_P nm`oŸ& "^yV' H$s ha ~mV Abm¡{H$H$ {\$ë_ go Ano{jV ~mVm| Ho$ {dnarV h¡Ÿ& ~hþV b§~r Mwßnr h¡ Omo Xe©H$m| H$mo {hbm XoJrŸ&
Š`m Amn "^yV' _| "H§$nZr' Ho$ AmJo {ZH$bo h¢?
"H§$nZr' Am¡a AnZo {ZX}eZ H$s {nN>br {\$ë_m| _| _¢ ZmOwH$ H$m§M bo OmZo dmbo Q´>m§gnmoQ>©a O¡gm WmŸ& "^yV' ZmOwH$ gm_mZ T>moZo Ho$ ~mao _| h¢Ÿ& `h Xe©H$m| Ho$ {X_mJ go IobZo Ho$ ~mao _| h¡Ÿ& {ZX}eH$ Ho$ ~Vm¡a ^yV ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡Ÿ& _¢ VËd H$s ~mV Zht H$a ahm ~pëH$ {d{eï> dmVmdaU n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{^Z` Am¡a VH$ZrH$ Ho$ BñVo_mb Ho$ VarHo$ H$s ~mV H$a ahm hÿ§Ÿ& Ohm§ VH$ Abm¡{H$H$ {\$ë_m| H$m g§~§Y h¡, ^yV EH$ ad¡`m ñWm{nV H$aoJrŸ& amoO H$s Üd{Z`m§-{bâQ> H$m MbZm `m nmZr H$m {JaZm- ^yV _| Z`m OrdZ boVr h¢Ÿ& h_Zo _Zmod¡km{ZH$ à^mdm| go {Ibdm‹S> {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
Xo{IE, {H$gr Img S>amdZr {\$ë_ _| H¡$_am nmÌ Ho$ nrN>o MbVm h¡Ÿ& ^yV _| h_Zo {dñV¥V-H$moU Ho$ emQ> {b`o h¢Ÿ& Xe©H$ H$mo ha MrO H$s OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡Ÿ& ^` H$B© JwZm ~‹T> OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Xe©H$ H$mo nVm Zht hmoVm {H$ Š`m MmhVm h¡Ÿ&
^` go Nw>Q>H$mao H$s H$moB© pñW{V h¡?
H$moB© amhV Zht h¡Ÿ& ^` Omar ahVm h¡Ÿ& _¢Zo amhV H$s Oê$aV Zhr g_PrŸ& A§V _| gmar ~mV H$m ñnï>rH$aU h¡Ÿ& bmoJm| Zo nyN>m Wm ^yV go Š`m Anojm aI|Ÿ& _¢Zo H$hm S>aŸ& _oam gmam V_mem àog B§Q>aì`y VH$ gr{_V h¡Ÿ&